A recent decision by the Court of Appeal in Barclay-Watt v Alpha Panareti Public Ltd [2022] EWCA Civ 1169 brings further clarity on the principles that the Court will apply in determining whether a company director is personally liable for having assisted a wrongful act committed by the company.

Facts

Alpha Panareti Public Limited (APP) marketed luxury properties in Cyprus and appointed agents and salesmen to market the new build properties to investors residing in the UK. APP coupled this with a mortgage scheme whereby a Cypriot bank (Alpha Bank Cyprus) offered the investors low-interest mortgages denominated in Swiss francs. The properties were advertised as ‘armchair’ investments with the view of letting the properties in return for anticipated rental income to cover the mortgage repayments, specifically due to the stability of the Swiss francs. Unfortunately, economic changes resulted in significant falls in the exchange value of the Cypriot pound and sterling against the Swiss franc. This in turn spiralled up the mortgage costs whilst the properties in which the claimants had invested were incomplete, leaving the investors severely indebted to the Cypriot bank. As a result, the investors did not receive the completed properties or the anticipated rental income.

Mr Andreas Ioannou was a director of APP and the “driving force” behind the company’s scheme, although he had no direct involvement with the investors. The investors, including Mr Barclay-Watt, sought recovery of the sums spent on buying the properties. At first instance, the investors issue proceedings against APP and Mr Ioannou and successfully claimed that APP failed to warn the investors of the risks around the currency fluctuations, but the investors were unsuccessful in a claim against Mr Ioannou as director of the company.

The investors appealed to challenge the decision that Mr Ioannou was not personally liable, specifically on the basis that Mr Ioannou was jointly liable as an accessory to APP’s negligence in accordance with the principles set out in the case of Sea Shepherd UK v Fish & Fish [2015]. Hacon J summarised them as follows: “… in order to fix a joint tortfeasor with liability, it must be shown both that he actively co-operated to bring about the act of the primary tortfeasor and also that he intended that his co-operation would help bring about that act (the act found to be tortious).”

Court of Appeal Decision

The Court of Appeal dismissed the appeal, reiterating that whilst APP had a relationship with the investors and thereby assumed responsibility towards them, Mr Ioannou was not liable to the claimants for the failure to advise them on the currency fluctuation risks and therefore there was no assumption of personal liability. It also held that Mr Ioannou was not an accessory to APP’s negligence in accordance with the principles set out in the above-mentioned case and therefore was not liable to the investors as a joint tortfeasor.

Two-stage test

The Court of Appeal applied a two-stage test from Lifestyle Equities CV v Santa Monica Polo Club Ltd ([2021] EWCA Civ 675).

  1. The first stage is to consider whether the individual substantially assisted in the commission of the tort by the company under a “common design” by both parties. In other words, whether the individual’s participation and conduct in the wrongful act was sufficient to consider them a joint tortfeasor.
  2. The second stage is to consider if the director’s position afforded the individual ith a defence. Lifestyle Equities confirms that an individual may have a defence by virtue of their directorship status if their conduct amounts to no more than carrying out their constitutional role in the governance of the company. Similarly, a director will not be treated as a joint wrongdoer if the conduct in issue merely consists of voting at board meetings (MCA Records Inc v Charly Records Inc [2001] EWCA Civ 1441).  

In Barclay-Watt, the conditions specified in Fish were not met. In particular, the Court held there was no “common design” as it was APP that was marketing the properties to the investors and the claimants contracted with APP. In other words, APP committed the tortious acts and not Mr Ioannou personally. As Mr Ioannou was not personally liable, the court did not need to consider the second stage of the test. The Court of Appeal concluded that to allow the claim would lead to an “unduly wide view of the personal liability of directors”.

Conclusion

Whilst the term ‘separate legal personality’ is still a fundamental principle of Company Law, the Court of Appeal made it clear that the assessment of joint liability is highly fact specific. It also emphasised the court’s reluctance to impose personal liability on individuals acting on behalf of a company.

For further advice and assistance please contact our Business Services Team on 01604 828282 / 01908 660966 or email info@franklins-sols.co.uk

Furlough leave was a concept that was foreign to the majority of the British population just a few weeks ago. However, since the announcement of the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme on 20th March 2020, it is now a term synonymous with the COVID-19 pandemic.

The government has continued to publish some much-needed guidance on the issue, clarifying which classes of persons are eligible to receive a grant whilst on furlough leave. In particular, the guidance now confirms that office holders, including company directors, can claim the grant as long as they are paid through PAYE. The grant will be based on 80% of the director’s annual salary; any dividends or other payment made outside of PAYE will not be used when calculating wages.

Importantly, one of the key requirements to qualify for the furlough leave scheme is that the individual does not undertake any work for their employer. Whilst this is reasonably straightforward when furloughing an employee, how does this concept apply to directors who may be responsible for making day-to-day decisions regarding the business?

A director should be aware that the Companies Act 2006 imposes certain general duties on every director of a UK company, all of which will still apply during furlough leave. However, the government’s guidance now confirms that:

“where furloughed directors need to carry out particular duties to fulfil the statutory obligations they owe to their company, they may do so provided they do no more than would reasonably be judged necessary for that purpose, for instance, they should not do work of a kind they would carry out in normal circumstances to generate commercial revenue or provides services to or on behalf of their company.”.

Essentially, this means that as long as any work a director carries out does not generate commercial revenue or provides services to or on behalf of the company, they will still be classed as being on furlough leave and thus eligible for the grant.

Any decision to furlough a director should be made and adopted through a (virtual) meeting of

the board of directors in the normal way, with quorum, decision making, conflicts of interest etc. being documented in a set of thorough board minutes.

For more information on furloughing in general please read one of my previous posts, click here or watch one of my two videos which have been uploaded onto the Franklins Facebook page:

If you would like any advice regarding furlough leave please contact Ben Stanton on 01908 660966 / 01604 828282 or by emailing ben.stanton@franklins-sols.co.uk or if you would like any advice on drafting board minutes or directors duties in general please contact our Business Services team on 01908 660966/ 01604 828282 or email businessservices@franklins-sols.co.uk.